Tuli linkedissä vastaan tällainen herra kun Ming Tang. Alla kopioitu teksti häneltä jota Juhokin oli kommentoinut.
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Ming “Tommy” Tang Director of Bioinformatics | Cure Diseases with Data | Author of From Cell Line to Command Line | Learn to understand | Educator YouTube @chatomics
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1/ Most cancer drugs don’t fail because they’re ineffective. They fail because they’re too toxic. Let’s unpack why safety is the real monster in drug development. 
2/ Roughly 90% of drugs fail in clinical trials—especially in oncology Not only because they are not killing tumor cells, but because they harm healthy tissues too. Liver toxicity is a frequent culprit, but other organs are at risk as well/
3/ You’ll hear this often: “All drugs are efficacious, but fewer are safe.” In vitro, it’s easy to kill tumor cells. In humans? That’s another story
4/ Why is toxicity such a massive problem? Because drugs don’t stay where you want them to. They circulate, accumulate, and act everywhere—including vital organs like the liver, heart, and kidneys
5/ Take the liver: It’s the body’s detox engine. It processes drugs, breaks them down, and often gets hit hardest by their side effects. Liver toxicity is one of the top reasons drugs are pulled from trials—or even from the market
6/ Then there’s the “off-target effect.” Your drug might be designed for one protein, but it can also bind to dozens of others, disrupting normal cell function in ways no one expected
7/ And testing in animals? It only gets you so far. Mice aren’t humans. A compound that’s safe in a mouse might be toxic in people. Species-specific differences in metabolism can make or break a drug
8/ So how do we reduce toxicity? Selectivity: Great drugs are designed to bind as specifically as possible to tumor proteins. For example, kinase inhibitors are screened against hundreds of kinases to find compounds with strong selectivity—though achieving absolute selectivity is often difficult
9/ Early off-target screening: Drug developers now run compound libraries through broad panels—ion channels, receptors, enzymes—to catch liabilities before they reach trials
10/ Delivery innovation: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) aim to bring toxic payloads directly to cancer cells, sparing healthy ones. This precision is promising, but not foolproof—ADCs still carry risks of toxicity, often related to their payloads and off-target effects
11/ Bottom line: Killing cancer cells isn’t the hardest part. Doing it without harming the patient? That’s the real challenge. Safety is the wall that most drug candidates never climb
12/ Takeaways: In vitro efficacy means little if a drug is toxic in humans. Organs like the liver are especially vulnerable. Selectivity and off-target screening are critical. Drug safety is not just a pharmacology problem—it’s a systems biology problem
13/ toxicology data matters. Gene expression, target profiles, ADMET models—they all tie into the safety story. Ignore toxicity, and you’re not seeing the full picture. I hope you’ve found this post helpful. Follow me for more."